Table 3 Study characteristics and main results
Author, year, country | Number of participants Total (women/men) | Age range | Weight or BMI ± standarddeviation | Study sample | In vivo measures | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervertebral disc | ||||||
Streitberger, 2015, Germany | 16 (3/13) | 31 years (range 25–50 years) | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Phase angle OSS-SNR Pfirrmann score vs. stiffness Reproducibility | Shear stiffness |G*| decreased with increased Pfirrmann score. Phase angle φ unchanged. Diurnal changes were ~ 11% for |G*| and φ. Shear wave images were reliable based on OSS-SNR. Wavelengths decreased with increasing excitation frequency. |
Walter, 2017, USA | 47 (17/30) | 20–71 years | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Pfirrmann vs. stiffness Repeatability | No notable variation between morning and afternoon scans. Shear stiffness varied across IVD levels. Shear stiffness increased with increasing Pfirrmann score. Weak correlation between age and shear stiffness. |
Co, 2022, USA | 28 (13/15) | 19–55 years | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Repeatability Reproducibility OSS-SNR | Good correlation between SE-EPI and GRE derived shear stiffness OSS-SNR not significantly different between SE-EPI and GRE SE-EPI generated highly reproducible and repeatable stiffness measurements SE-EPI reduced scan time by 51% |
Paraspinal muscles | ||||||
Creze, 2018, France | 7 (4/3) | 25.6 ± 6 years | Weight: 65 ± 12 kg | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness at rest, stretch and contract | No significant difference in shear stiffness between left and right. Variations between relaxed, stretched and contracted states. Significant difference in shear stiffness between erector spinae and multifidus at rest and stretch, but not during contraction. |
Wang, 2019, Taiwan | 66 (31/35) | 28.4 ± 8.4 years (range 19–60) | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness With/without Kinesio Tape Different ROI sizes and depths Repeatability | Taped side exhibited significant decrease in shear stiffness vs. non-taped side at superficial depth. Deeper muscle layers were non-significant. No significant difference in shear stiffness between genders. No significant correlation between taping directions and stiffness changes. Moderate repeatability. |
Hsieh, 2022, Taiwan | 80 (40/40) | 38.6 ± 11.2 years (range 21–60) | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Reproducibility Technical failure rate | Technical failure rate was 0-2.5%. Quality score (0–15) was 7.31–7.71. Mean CV ~ 25.24%±6.95 (low reproducibility). |
Chevalier, 2023, France | 17 (11/6) | 28 ± 4 years | BMI: 21.3 ± 2.4 | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Repeatability Reproducibility Technical failure rate | Excellent interobserver agreement. Within-day reproducibility fair to good. Inter-day reproducibility poor (erector spinae), excellent (multifidus). Reproducibility after relocating the actuator was excellent. Technical failure rate of 2.5%. Significant differences in stiffness for multifidus across different slices and scans. |
Psoas Major | ||||||
Numano, 2015, Japan | 3 males | NA | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness | Shear stiffness was measured in vivo. Sensitivity to vibration increased in later TE. Lumbar spine transferred vibrations to psoas major. |
Numano, 2019, Japan | 7 males | 20–25 years | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Mean oscillation amplitude | MAV exhibited higher values in AP compared to LR readout direction. Different vibration pads placements significantly influenced MAV. Shear stiffness remained consistent across different vibration pad positions. |
Habe, 2021, Japan | 9 males | 23.4 ± 5.5 years | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Reproducibility Repeatability Discomfort score | Low discomfort score for developed actuator. Repeatability coefficient close to the QIBA standard. Exceptional reproducibility. |
Habe, 2022, Japan | 9 males | 23.1 ± 2.1 years | 64.2 ± 6.8 kg | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness T2 and ADC maps Exercise | Significant shifts in shear stiffness, T2 values and ADCs over various post-exercise durations compared to pre-exercise values. |
Hsieh, 2022, Taiwan | 80 (40/40) | 38.6 ± 11.2 years (range 21–60) | NA | Asymptomatic | Shear stiffness Reproducibility Technical failure rate | Technical failure rate 60-66.3%. Quality score (0–15) was 1.83–2.06. Mean CV ~ 21.95+-4.82 (low reproducibility). |