Fig. 5

Forest plot of diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) with 95% confidence intervals for AI-based detection of carotid artery calcifications across different dental radiograph types (CBCT and panoramic). Each row lists an included study with a corresponding blue square representing the point estimate of DOR and a horizontal line indicating its 95% confidence interval. The size of the square reflects the study’s weight in the meta-analysis. Subgroup results (CBCT, panoramic radiographs) are shown with red diamonds, and the overall pooled estimate is shown with a green diamond. Larger DOR values indicate better diagnostic performance. Heterogeneity statistics (τ², I², H²) are provided for each group and overall